Статья: ENTROPY AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE (2020)

The outstanding Russian soil scientist N.M. Tulaykov lived and worked at the beginning of the twentieth century, and made a great contribution to the scientific basis of agriculture in southern Russia. Coming from the poorest peasant family, he received an excellent education and worked with other eminent scientists. In 1908-1910 he was sent on a scientific and practical trip to the USA, Germany and Britain. In 1910 he was appointed as a director of Bezenchukskaya agricultural experiment station. From 1915 he headed the Agricultural Chemical Laboratory in Petrograd; from 1918 he was a Chairman of the Agricultural Scientific Committee at the Russian Ministry of Agriculture. From 1920 to the end of his life he headed the field-growing department at Saratov experimental station and was a professor at Saratov Agricultural Institute. He developed and promoted the dry farming system to combat famine (including famine in the Volga region in 1921-1923). He was unjustly repressed and died tentatively in 1937-1938 in the Solovki or in prison in Saratov.

The paper considers a new method for finding patterns in a chaotic system and an algorithm implementing it that automatically computes geometric, physical, and other possible interactions based on preferences between objects in a chaotic system in a reasonable computational time, selecting the only possible solution from the whole population. The algorithm has P-class simplicity in solving NP-class problems, bringing machine intelligence as close as possible to human intelligence. Descriptions of original solutions to a number of technical and creative problems are presented.

The paper discusses extreme precipitation recorded at 14 weather stations on the western coast of the Black Sea according to reanalysis data and at two weather stations according to observation data. Comparison of observation data with reanalysis data has been carried out. The relationship between extreme precipitation at each station and elementary circulation mechanisms (ECMs) has been analyzed according to typing by B.L. Dzerdzeevsky, V.M. Kurganskaya and Z.M. Vitvitskaya. The ECMs at which precipitation extremes were observed simultaneously at several stations were identified. It was determined at which ECMs on the western coast of the Black Sea extreme precipitation events occur most often and the multi-year changes in the duration of these ECMs were analysed.