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The article is devoted to one of the little-studied aspects of Indian history - the anti-British “Leave India” movement of 1942 and the reaction of allied countries in the Anti-Hitler and Anti-Japanese coalitions. The authors use the materials of the Ministry of External Affairs of the National Archives of India, published volumes of British government documents, memoirs, and the press of those years. Based on a critical analysis of the sources, it is concluded that the Allies’ position on the “Leave India” movement was similar - none of the countries supported it. The growth of a national movement in India against British rule in 1942 was a less pressing issue for the Allies than waging a world war against the aggressors. Internationalism discretely took precedence over anti-colonial nationalism.

The presented article attempts to consider the peculiarities of the stay of political prisoners in the Russian Empire in places of deprivation of liberty associated with serving the sentence established by the court. In particular, it is about the political prisoner Leonid Vasilievich Orlov, who was convicted for revolutionary activity and, being in Vladikavkaz regional prison in 1909, tried to resist the prison administration, which, in the specified period, toughened the regime of imprisonment, in connection with the consequences of the events of the First Russian Revolution (1905-1907). Orlov L. V. tried to defend his civil rights and the dignity of other political prisoners, considering this process as a continuation of the struggle against tsarism and revolutionary activities to which their lives were devoted. The article shows the conditions of convicts and prison administration, reveals the life and manners that reigned in certain places of deprivation of liberty in the penitentiary system of the Russian Empire of the early twentieth century, where not the least role, as it often happened, played the personal factor of a particular administrator (in this case, the head of the prison).

The article shows that in recent years the Russian Federation has sought to pay more attention to the protection of its spiritual and moral values and cultural heritage. Under the leadership of Vladimir Putin, the country opposes attempts to forget and destroy its historical past and opposes manifestations of Russophobia. In addition, Russia actively supports efforts to preserve traditional family values. One of the key areas of Russia’s policy is the protection of Russian identity, Russian sport and the Russian Orthodox Church. Russia is ready to cooperate with all sane forces of the West and does not seek isolation from it. Moscow hopes that Western elites will someday realize the senselessness of confrontation and accept the concept of a multipolar world. It is necessary to abandon anti-Russian policy and the desire for U. S. dominance, which could have a positive impact on the security and well-being of Europe.

The article presents a historical study of two theories of economic management. In the course of development of world economic research, two cardinally different methods of economic regulation stood out. The first one is considered in detail by A. Smith in his seminal work “Wealth of Nations”. The second method is associated with the works of the English economist J. M. Keynes, who scientifically substantiated the impossibility of self-regulation of the economy and the need for public policy to balance aggregate demand and supply, overcome crises and help stabilize the economy.

Every year the interest in software platforms for online learning among Russian customers continues to grow, which contributes to the activation of local companies specializing in the development of such systems. Recently, domestic manufacturers have started to actively promote their solutions for distance education, but it is premature to say that the market for such products in Russia has already been fully formed. This is confirmed by the fact that Russian companies often position their developments as unique, having no competitors in the domestic market. This situation is caused not so much by the desire to successfully promote their products as by the lack of studies that would analyze and compare Russian solutions in this area in detail. We hope that this article will help to change the current state of affairs.

The article examines the historical context and main provisions of the Cultural Agreement between India and Japan, concluded in 1957. The study attempts to consider the agreement as an independent historical source, an example of Eastern methods of “soft power” used to strengthen the position of one’s country. The author concludes that the agreement was necessary to strengthen foreign policy ties in the region, it provided benefits to each of the parties, and laid the foundation for further cooperation.

The article aims to reveal the understanding of war in Russian religious philosophical thought by Solovyov V., Dostoevsky F., Tolstoy L., Ern V., and others. It shows the contrasting views of Russian thinkers on war and its significance for the individual and society. War is a complex moral problem in Russian philosophy, and its very emergence coincided with a period of armed confrontation with Western European powers. Experiencing wars, Russian thinkers reflected on the historical destiny of Russia, on the moral preaching of the necessity of armed defense of the Motherland, on the Christian meaning of war, and on its dialectical contradictions.

This article is about how Euroscepticism has developed in modern Hungary. After the communist regime fell in Hungary, one of the new government’s top foreign policy priorities was to “reunite” Hungary with the rest of Europe. European integration was associated with modernization, the spread of Western values, and the establishment of a high standard of living in the country with European salaries and a stable economy. There was a unique consensus among the Hungarian political elite on the need for the country to join the European Union. However, after Hungary joined the European Union in 2004, the proportion of Hungarian citizens with a negative attitude towards the EU increased sharply. The reasons for the emergence of Euroscepticism in Hungary can be divided into pragmatic and ideological ones. After joining the EU, when economic expectations were not met, the disappointment of Hungarian citizens increased significantly. The 2008 economic crisis, which hit the Hungarian economy hard, also played a key role in the development of Euroscepticism. The EU’s ineffective crisis management provided fertile ground for the growth in popularity of Eurosceptics. Hungarian Eurosceptics oppose the EU because they are convinced that it threatens the country’s independence and pushes it towards “colonial” status.

The article deals with the specificity of Russia’s cultural and historical patrimony, which begins with a deep study of its Orthodox tradition. When we talk about the Orthodox culture of Russia, we mean not only the past, but also its modern state. The culture of modern Russia includes not only museum exhibits, vast book collections, and impressive architectural structures. Modern Russian culture is reflected in the language, observance of traditions, education system, respect for the older generation, priority of family values, patriotism and respect for other cultures and peoples.

From 1915 to 1917 in the town of Kirsanov, Tambov province, there was a camp for Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war of Italian nationality, who accepted the Italian government’s offer to be sent to Italy and then join its armed forces. The article studies the living conditions of prisoners of war of the Austro-Hungarian army of Italian nationality in the camp of Kirsanov city of Tambov province during the First World War.